An uncommon case of brucellosis with ocular presentation / Um caso incomum de brucelose com apresentação ocular

ABSTRACT We report an unusual case of brucellosis presented with headache, diminished vision, papillitis and multiple peripapillary hemorrhages accompanied by subretinal fluid extending up to macula. Diagnosis of brucellosis was made based on positive polymerase chain reaction of cerebrospinal fluid sample for Brucella species DNA, accompanied by a raised titer of anti-brucella antibodies. Patient showed remarkable improvement on triple drug therapy in form of doxycycline, rifampicin and ceftriaxone.

RESUMO Relatamos um caso incomum de brucelose apresentada com cefaleia, visão diminuída, papilite e múltiplas hemorragias peripapilares acompanhadas por fluido sub-retinal, estendendo-se até a mácula. O diagnóstico de brucelose foi feito com base na reação em cadeia da polimerase positiva de amostra de líquido cefalorraquidiano para DNA de espécies de Brucella, acompanhada por um título elevado de anticorpos antibrucela. O paciente apresentou melhora notável com a terapia tripla com drogas na forma de doxiciclina, rifampicina e ceftriaxona.

Ozonoterapia como tratamiento coadyuvante en la úlcera corneal grave bacteriana / Ozone therapy as adjunctive treatment in severe bacterial corneal ulcer / Ozonoterapia como tratamento adjuvante em úlcera bacteriana da córnea grave

Introducción: La evolución espontánea o los casos mal tratados de la úlcera corneal conllevan el riesgo de extensión de la infección, con severa afectación visual e integridad estructural del ojo. Objetivo: Describir las características clínico-epidemiológicas de pacientes con úlcera corneal grave bacteriana tratada con ozonoterapia local coadyuvante al tratamiento protocolizado. Método: Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal con 48 pacientes ingresados en el servicio de Oftalmología del Hospital General Docente "Dr. Juan Bruno Zayas Alfonso", de Santiago de Cuba, en el periodo de enero de 2017 a diciembre de 2019. Las variables del estudio fueron: edad, sexo, factores predisponentes, microorganismos, signos de mejoría clínica, resultados al tratamiento y complicaciones. Para la validación estadística se utilizó prueba Chi-cuadrado. Resultados: La edad promedio de los pacientes fue de 54,1 años, el 62,5 % eran hombres. Predominó el trauma ocular (63,3 %) en el sexo masculino y enfermedades oculares (44,4 %) en el femenino. La mejoría de los signos fue más representativa a los 14 días. Se logró resultados satisfactorios en el 100 % de los pacientes con microorganismos grampositivos. El 10,4 % presentó perforación corneal. Conclusiones: La ozonoterapia es una terapia válida como tratamiento en la úlcera corneal grave de etiología bacteriana y responde a la búsqueda de alternativas para pacientes con resistencia a los tratamientos antibacterianos que se ofertan en el cuadro básico de salud.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Spontaneous evolution or poorly treated cases of corneal ulcer carry the risk of extension of the infection, with severe visual impairment and damage to the structural integrity of the eye. Objective: To describe the clinical-epidemiological characteristics of patients with severe bacterial corneal ulcer treated with local ozone therapy as an adjunct to the standard protocol treatment. Method: An observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out on 48 patients admitted to the Ophthalmology service of the Hospital General Docente "Dr. Juan Bruno Zayas Alfonso", from Santiago de Cuba, in the period from January 2017 to December 2019. The study variables were: age, gender, predisposing factors, microorganisms, signs of clinical improvement, treatment results and complications. Chi-square test was used for statistical validation. Results: The average age of the patients was 54.1 years; 62.5% of them were men. Ocular trauma (63.3%) predominated in males, and ocular diseases (44.4%) in females. The improvement of the signs was more common after 14 days. Satisfactory results were achieved in 100% of patients with gram-positive organisms. 10.4% presented corneal perforation. Conclusions: Ozone therapy is valid as a treatment for severe corneal ulcer of bacterial etiology, and responds to the search for alternatives for patients with resistance to the antibacterial treatments that are offered in the basic health system.

RESUMO Introdução: A evolução espontânea ou casos mal tratados de úlcera de córnea trazem o risco de extensão da infecção, com comprometimento visual grave e integridade estrutural do olho. Objetivo: Descrever as características clínico-epidemiológicas de pacientes com úlcera bacteriana de córnea grave tratados com ozonioterapia local como coadjuvante ao tratamento protocolizado. Método: Foi realizado um estudo observacional, descritivo e transversal com 48 pacientes internados no serviço de Oftalmologia do Hospital General Docente "Dr. Juan Bruno Zayas Alfonso", de Santiago de Cuba, no período de janeiro de 2017 a dezembro de 2019. As variáveis do estudo foram: idade, sexo, fatores predisponentes, microrganismos, sinais de melhora clínica, resultados do tratamento e complicações. O teste do qui-quadrado foi usado para validação estatística. Resultados: A idade média dos pacientes foi de 54,1 anos, 62,5% eram homens. O trauma ocular (63,3%) predominou no sexo masculino e as doenças oculares (44,4%) no feminino. A melhoria da sinalização foi mais representativa aos 14 dias. Resultados satisfatórios foram alcançados em 100% dos pacientes com organismos gram-positivos. 10,4% apresentaram perfuração corneana. Conclusões: A ozonioterapia é uma terapia válida como tratamento para úlcera de córnea grave de etiologia bacteriana e responde à busca de alternativas para pacientes com resistência aos tratamentos antibacterianos que são oferecidos no quadro básico de saúde.

Endogenous endophthalmitis due to Kingella Kingae infectious endocarditis / Endoftalmite endógena por endocardite infecciosa devido a Kingella Kingae

Abstract This report presents a rare case of endogenous endophthalmitis due to Kingella kingae infectious endocarditis. Endogenous endophthalmitis is a rare condition that has a systemic underlying cause, with hematogenic dissemination of a pathogen that will eventually reach and infect the eye. In this article, we present a case of a 54-year-old woman with fever, chills and decreased visual acuity and pain in the right eye. The slit-lamp exam showed conjunctival injection, anterior chamber reaction with a great amount of fibrinous material obscuring her visual axis. Ultrasound echography revealed profuse exudates and scarce membranous formation in the posterior segment. Blood culture was positive for Kingella kingae, and the patient was treated with intravenous ceftriaxone, along with topic dexamethasone and mydriatic. After 15 days of intravenous antibiotic therapy, the patient exhibited best visual acuity of 20/60. Endogenous endophthalmitis is an ocular emergency that demands quick diagnosis and aggressive intervention in order to preserve vision. Therefore, it is important to recognize its signs and symptoms with no retard.

Resumo O presente relato apresenta um raro caso de endoftalmite endógena por endocardite devido à Kingella kingae. Endoftalmite endógena é uma doença pouco comum com uma causa sistêmica subjacente. A disseminação hematogênica de um microrganismo infeccioso leva à infecção ocular. Nesse artigo, apresentamos o caso de uma mulher com 54 anos, febre, calafrios, baixa da acuidade visual e dor em olho direito. Ao exame na lâmpada de fenda apresentava injeção conjuntival, reação de câmara anterior e acúmulo de fibrina no eixo visual. Ultrassonografia revelou exsudatos profusos e escassa formação membranosa em segmento posterior.A hemocultura foi positiva para Kingella kingae e a paciente foi tratada com ceftriaxone venoso conjuntamente com dexametasona e midriático tópicos. Após 15 dias de terapia antibiótica endovenosa, a paciente apresentou acuidade visual corrigida de 20/60. Endoftalmite endógena é uma emergência ocular que demanda rápido diagnóstico e intervenção agressiva para preservar a visão. Portanto, é importante o reconhecimento precoce dos sinais e sintomas.

Infectious keratitis in southern Brazil: a comparison culture negative and culture positive patients / Ceratite infecciosa no sul do Brasil: comparação entre pacientes com cultura negativa e positiva

Abstract Purpose: To compare clinical-epidemiological profile and treatment outcome between culture negative and culture positive keratitis patients. Methods: Patients with suspected infectious keratitis seen at two ophthalmic hospitals in Curitiba, Brazil, between June 2014 and April 2016, were prospectively studied. Ophthalmological exam with corneal scraping and microbiological tests were performed. Data regarding follow up, surgical interventions and treatment outcome were collected after 12 weeks of the first visit trough medical chart review. From the results of the culture, two groups were formed: culture negative keratitis (CNK) and culture positive keratitis (CPK). Results: According to inclusion criteria 21 patients were classified as culture negative keratitis and 20 patients as culture positive keratitis. The number of patients on antibiotic drops at the first visit was greater in CNK group (90.5% versus 60%; p=0.032). Surgical procedures were necessary in 3 patients (15%) in CNK group and in 7 patients (36,8%) in CPK group (p=0.155). Treatment success was achieved by 85% (17/20) of the patients in CNK group and by 61% (11/18) of the patients in CPK group (p=0.144). There was no significant difference between groups regarding age, gender, place of residence, presence of comorbidities, risk factors for infectious keratitis, duration of symptoms and characteristics of corneal ulcer. Conclusions: Previous treatment with antibiotics correlates with negative culture results. There was no significant difference in treatment outcome between culture negative and culture positive keratitis patients.

Resumo Objetivo: Comparar os perfis clinico-epidemiológicos e os desfechos entre pacientes com ceratite com cultura positiva e pacientes com ceratite com cultura negativa. Métodos: Pacientes com ceratite infecciosa, atendidos em dois hospitais oftalmológicos em Curitiba, Brasil, entre junho de 2014 e abril de 2016, foram estudados prospectivamente. Exame oftalmológico, raspado de córnea e exames microbiológicos foram realizados no primeiro atendimento. Os dados quanto a seguimento e desfecho foram coletados após 12 semanas do primeiro atendimento através de revisão de prontuário. A partir dos resultados das culturas, dois grupos foram formados: ceratite com cultura negativa e ceratite com cultura positiva. Resultados: Vinte e um pacientes foram classificados como ceratite com cultura negativa e 20 como ceratite com cultura positiva. O número de pacientes em uso de colírio antibiótico no primeiro atendimento foi maior no grupo de cultura negativa (90,5% versus 60%; p=0,032). Sete pacientes (37%) no grupo cultura positiva precisaram de procedimentos cirúrgicos no manejo da ceratite, versus 3 pacientes (15%) do grupo cultura negativa (p=0,155). Oitenta e cinco por cento (17/20) dos pacientes do grupo cultura negativa alcançaram sucesso no tratamento, contra 61% (11/18) dos pacientes no grupo cultura positiva (p=0,144). Não houve diferença entre os grupos quanto a idade, gênero, local de procedência, presença de comorbidades, fatores de risco, duração dos sintomas e características da úlcera de córnea. Conclusão: Tratamento prévio com colírio de antibiótico correlaciona-se com resultados negativos de cultura. Não houve diferença no desfecho após tratamento entre os pacientes com cultura negativa e cultura positiva.

Estudo epidemiológico das queratites infeciosas internadas num centro hospitalar terciário - revisão de 5 anos / Epidemiological study of infeccious keratitis in inpatients of a terciary hospital center - revision of 5 years

Resumo Objetivo: A queratite infeciosa é uma doença de incidência relativamente elevada e é responsável por um número importante de internamentos. Neste estudo pretende-se estudar diversas características epidemiológicas e clínicas associadas às queratites infeciosas de alto risco num hospital terciário em Portugal. Métodos: Realizou-se um estudo retrospetivo, onde foram incluídos todos os doentes internados por abcesso da córnea no Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto (CHUP), entre Abril de 2013 a Março de 2018. Caracterizou-se a população em relação aos fatores de risco, apresentação clínica, tempo de internamento, resultados de culturas, resistência antibiótica in vitro, tratamento efetuado e resultado funcional. Resultados: O estudo incluiu 105 doentes. Os principais fatores de risco foram antecedentes de cirurgia de córnea, uso de lentes de contacto e história recente de trauma ocular. 74,3% dos doentes tiveram cultura positiva com 87,9% a corresponderem a cultura bacteriana pura, sendo a Pseudomonas aeruginosa e o Streptococcus pneumoniae os agentes etiológicos mais frequentes. 27,9% das culturas positivas eram resistentes a 3 ou mais classes de antibióticos. Todos os doentes iniciaram tratamento com colírios fortificados. 29,5% dos doentes necessitaram de realizar transplante de córnea. Ao final de 6 meses de seguimento, apenas 20,9% apresentavam AV>20/40. Conclusão: Na maioria dos casos, a etiologia foi bacteriana. Observou-se um número considerável de bactérias multirresistentes. Apesar do tratamento ter permitido uma melhoria da visão na maioria dos casos, um número considerável de doentes ficou com sequelas visuais importantes.

Abstract Objective: Infectious keratitis is a pathology with a high incidence and is responsible for a large number of prolonged stay hospital admissions. The purpose was to analyze the epidemiological and clinical data associated with high risk microbial keratitis at a central hospital in Portugal. Methods: A retrospective study of all inpatients presenting with corneal abscess in Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, from April 2013 to March 2018 was performed. Target population was characterized by risk factors, clinical features, length of stay, culture results, in vitro antibiotic resistance, treatment and outcome. Results: This study included 105 patients. The main risk factors were previous corneal surgery, contact lenses wear and recent history of ocular trauma. 74.3% of patients had a positive culture, 87.9% of these corresponding to a pure bacterial culture, with Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcus pneumoniae being the most common pathogens. 27.9% of positive cultures were resistant to 3 or more classes of antibiotics. All patients began treatment with fortified drops. 29.5% of patients required a corneal transplant. After 6 months of follow-up, only 20.9% presented a VA>20/40. Conclusion: Most cases were caused by bacteria. A considerable number of multi-resistant bacteria was identified. Despite most cases having improved after treatment, a large number of patients had a significant visual acuity sequelae.

Contaminación bacteriana de cámara anterior durante la cirugía de catarata / Anterior chamber bacterial contamination during cataract surgery

RESUMEN Objetivo: Determinar la existencia de contaminación bacteriana en cámara anterior durante la cirugía de catarata. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal de serie de casos, en el cual participaron los pacientes sometidos a cirugía de catarata en el Servicio de Microcirugía Ocular del Instituto Cubano de Oftalmología Ramón Pando Ferrer, en el período comprendido de enero del año 2015 a diciembre 2016. Se relacionaron los antecedentes patológicos personales oculares y sistémicos, los factores de riesgo asociados y las complicaciones transoperatorias con la presencia de bacterias en la cámara anterior al final de la cirugía. Los pacientes fueron seleccionados aleatoriamente en el salón de cirugía. La muestra quedó constituida por 200 pacientes y divididos en tres grupos dependiendo de la experiencia de los cirujanos. Resultados: Al inicio del proceder quirúrgico, el 100 por ciento de los cultivos fueron negativos, mientras que al final de la cirugía se detectó crecimiento bacteriano en el 3 por ciento. Los gérmenes Gram positivos fueron los de mayor frecuencia (66,6 por ciento) donde el Staphylococcus epidermidis se aisló en un 50 por ciento de los casos. No existió relación significativa entre antecedentes patológicos personales oculares, sistémicos y los factores de riesgo asociados. La ruptura de la cápsula posterior fue la complicación transoperatoria más frecuente y al 4,7 por ciento se le detectó crecimiento bacteriano. Conclusión: Se detecta una baja frecuencia de contaminación de la cámara anterior al final de la cirugía de catarata y los gérmenes comúnmente encontrados están relacionados con la microbiota de la superficie ocular(AU)

ABSTRACT Objective: Determine the presence of anterior chamber bacterial contamination during cataract surgery. Methods: A cross-sectional case-series study was conducted of patients undergoing cataract surgery at the Ocular Microsurgery Service of Ramón Pando Ferrer Cuban Institute of Ophthalmology from January 2015 to December 2016. Personal ocular and systemic pathological antecedents, associated risk factors and perioperative complications, were related to the presence of anterior chamber bacterial contamination at the end of surgery. Patients were randomly selected in the operating room. The sample was composed of 200 patients, who were divided into three groups according to the surgeons' experience. Results: At the start of the surgical procedure, 100 percent of the cultures were negative, whereas at the end 3 percent bacterial growth was detected. Gram-positive germs were the most common (66.6 percent), with Staphylococcus epidermidis isolated in 50 percent of the cases. No significant relationship was found between personal ocular or systemic pathological antecedents and associated risk factors. Posterior capsule rupture was the most frequent intraoperative complication, with 4.7 percent bacterial growth detected. Conclusion: Low frequency of anterior chamber contamination was detected at the end of cataract surgery, and the germs commonly found are related to the ocular surface microbiota(AU)

Bacterial profile and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns from external ocular infections and associated risk factors at the all Africa leprosy rehabilitation and training center (alert), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Background: Bacteria are major causative agents that frequently cause infections of the eyes and loss of vision. Resistance of bacteria isolated from ocular infections to antimicrobial agents is a global concern. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of different bacterial isolates and their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern in patients with external ocular infections and to determine any associated risk factors. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted from May to August 2015 in ALERT outpatient and inpatient department of Eye Clinic. A total of 288 samples were collected which were processed for bacterial culture according to standard procedures. Presumptive isolates were further identified by a series of biochemical tests. The antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of the isolates were determined by the disk diffusion method. The data were entered and analyzed using SPSS software version 20. Results: A total of 288 patients were enrolled. The overall prevalence of bacterial pathogens among external ocular samples was 171/288 (59.4%). Gram-positive bacteria were the most common isolates accounting for 70.2% (120/171). Staphylococcus aureus was present in 36.8% of the cases (63/171). Most (91.6%) of the bacteria isolated showed high resistance to Penicillin (120/131) and Tetracycline (70.4%; 119/169). Gentamicin was the most effective antibiotic against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria (94%, 161/171). The overall prevalence of multiple drug resistance was 159/171 (93%): gram-positive 117/120 (97.5%) and gram-negative 42/51 (82%). Most variables did not have a statistically significant association with presence of ocular infection; only repeated infections were observed to have significant association. Conclusion: The prevalence of bacterial pathogens among external ocular samples was high. Most of the isolates were drug resistant to commonly used antibiotics. Gentamicin and Ciprofloxacin were the most effective antim-icrobial agents for both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria

Seleção de marcadores para a busca ativa de endoftalmite após cirurgia de catarata / Selection of markers for active search of endophthalmitis after cataract surgery / Selección de marcadores para la búsqueda activa de endoftalmitis tras cirugía de catarata

Objetivo: Identificar marcadores potenciais para auxiliar na busca ativa de endoftalmite após cirurgia de catarata. Método: Estudo retrospectivo, descritivo e longitudinal, realizado por meio da revisão de prontuários de pacientes submetidos à cirurgia de catarata. Resultados: A amostra incluiu 20 pacientes (grupo de estudo ­ GE) que desenvolveram endoftalmite pós-operatória e 309 pacientes (grupo controle ­ GC) que não apresentaram endoftalmite. Os dados foram analisados para identificar os marcadores clínicos e epidemiológicos com uma diferença percentual ≥30% entre os grupos. Em comparação com o GC, o GE teve frequência ≥30% em: sinais e sintomas pós-operatórios definidos (dor, reação da câmara anterior, hipópio, edema da córnea, hiperemia conjuntival e opacidade vítrea); mais de 4 retornos pós-operatórios; e realização de injeção de antibiótico intravítreo. Conclusão: Os indicadores selecionados são sugeridos para incorporação na busca ativa das infecções pós-operatórias de endoftalmite, visando à facilidade operacional do sistema de vigilância epidemiológica

Objective: To identify potential markers to assist in the active search of endophthalmitis after cataract surgery. Method: Retrospective, descriptive, and longitudinal study, conducted through review of medical records of patients who underwent cataract surgery. Results: The sample included 20 patients (study group - SG) who developed postoperative endophthalmitis and 309 patients (control group - CG) who did not have endophthalmitis. The data were analyzed to identify the clinical and epidemiological markers with a percentage difference ≥30% between groups. In comparison with the CG, the SG demonstrated frequency ≥30% in established postoperative signs and symptoms (pain, anterior chamber reaction, hypopyon, corneal edema, conjunctival hyperemia, and vitreous opacity); more than four postoperative appointments; and administration of an intravitreal antibiotic injection. Conclusion: The selected markers are suggested for incorporation into the active search for post-operative endophthalmitis, in order to facilitate the operation of the epidemiological surveillance system

Objetivo: Identificar marcadores potenciales para auxiliar en la búsqueda activa de endoftalmitis tras cirugía de facectomía. Método: Estudio retrospectivo, descriptivo y longitudinal, realizado por medio de la revisión de prontuarios de pacientes sometidos a la cirugía de catarata. Resultados: La muestra incluyó 20 pacientes (grupo de estudio ­ GE) que desarrollaron endoftalmitis pos-operatoria y 309 pacientes (grupo control ­ GC) que no presentaron endoftalmitis. Los datos fueron analizados para identificar los marcadores clínicos y epidemiológicos con una diferencia porcentual ≥30% entre los grupos. En comparación con el GC, el GE tuvo frecuencia ≥30% en: señales y síntomas pos-operatorios definidos (dolor, reacción de la cámara anterior, hipopión, edema de la córnea, hiperemia conjuntival y opacidad vítrea); más de 4 retornos pos-operatorios; y realización de inyección de antibiótico intravítreo. Conclusión: Los indicadores seleccionados son sugeridos para incorporación en la búsqueda activa de las infecciones pos-operatorias de endoftalmitis, buscando la facilidad operacional del sistema de vigilancia epidemiológica

Neurosyphilis and ocular syphilis clinical and cerebrospinal fluid characteristics: a case series / Características clínicas e liqúoricas de pacientes com neurossífilis e sífilis ocular: uma série de casos

ABSTRACT Background During the first decade of this century, a significant increase in the incidence of syphilis was documented. Objective To study clinical and laboratory characteristics of central nervous system and ocular syphilis. Methods A retrospective case series of 13 patients with a clinical and laboratory diagnosis of neurosyphilis and/or ocular syphilis who had been admitted to the Neurology and Neuro-ophthalmology Service of the Hospital de Clínicas, Federal University of Paraná. Results Nine patients had a diagnosis of neurosyphilis and two of them also had ocular syphilis. Four patients had a diagnosis of ocular syphilis alone. Among the patients with a diagnosis of neurosyphilis, six had symptomatic syphilitic meningitis, of whom one manifested as cranial nerve palsy alone, one as cranial nerve palsy plus ocular syphilis, two as transverse myelitis (syphilitic meningomyelitis), one as meningitis worsening the patient's myasthenia gravis symptoms and one as meningitis plus ocular syphilis. Additionally, we diagnosed three patients with meningovascular neurosyphilis. In the univariate analysis, patients without ocular syphilis showed greater levels of total protein and white blood cells in the cerebrospinal fluid than patients with ocular syphilis. Conclusion This Brazilian case series of patients with neurosyphilis and ocular syphilis highlights the wide variability of this disease. A high degree of diagnostic suspicion is necessary when facing neurological and ocular symptoms for rapid diagnosis and appropriate management of patients.

RESUMO Introdução Na primeira década deste século observou-se um aumento significativo da incidência de sífilis no mundo. Objetivo Estudar características clínicas e laboratoriais da sífilis no Sistema Nervoso Central e da sífilis ocular. Métodos Estudou-se, retrospectivamente, uma série de treze casos com diagnóstico clínico e laboratorial de neurossífilis e/ou sífilis ocular, admitidos aos Serviços de Neurologia ou Neuroftalmologia do Hospital de Clínicas da Universidade Federal do Paraná. Resultados Nove pacientes tiveram diagnóstico de neurosífilis e dois destes apresentaram concomitantemente sífilis ocular. Quatro pacientes tiveram somente o diagnóstico de sífilis ocular. Dos pacientes com diagnóstico de neurosífilis, seis apresentaram meningite sifilítica sintomática, dentre os quais um se apresentou com paralisia isolada de par craniano, um com paralisia de par craniano associada sífilis ocular, dois com mielite transversa (manifestação de meningomielite), um com meningite que agravou sintomas de Miastenia Gravis e um com meningite isolada associada a sífilis ocular. Houve 3 casos de neurosífilis meningovascular. Na análise univariada, pacientes sem manifestações oculares de sífilis apresentaram maiores níveis proteína total e leucócitos do que os pacientes com sífilis ocular. Conclusão Essa série brasileira de casos de pacientes com neurosífilis e sífilis ocular destaca a alta variabilidade clínica desta doença. Alto grau de suspeição diagnóstica é necessário quando em frente a sintomas neurológicos e oculares para rápido diagnóstico e adequado manejo dos pacientes.

Detection of herpes simplex-1 and -2 and varicella zoster virus by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction in corneas from patients with bacterial keratitis / Detecção de vírus herpes simplex tipo 1 e 2 e varicella zoster por reação em cadeia de polimerase em tempo real em córneas de pacientes com ceratites bacterianas

ABSTRACT Objective: Bacterial keratitis occurs worldwide, and despite recent developments, it remains a potentially blinding condition. This study assesses the presence of herpes simplex virus (HSV-1 and -2) and varicella zoster virus (VZV) by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) in corneal scrapings from patients with bacterial keratitis. Methods: A total of 65 patients with clinical diagnoses of infectious corneal ulcers prospectively underwent clinical eye examinations. Corneal scrapings were investigated by Gram staining, Giemsa staining, culture, and qPCR (the study group). Risk factors and epidemiological data were recorded. The control group comprising 25 eyes with typical herpes dendritic keratitis was also analyzed by qPCR. Results: From the study group (n=65), nine patients (13.8%) had negative smears, cultures, and qPCR findings. Fifty-six (86.2%) patients had positive cultures: 51 for bacteria, 4 for fungi, and 1 for amoebae. Of the patients who had positive bacterial cultures, qPCR identified 10 patients who were also positive for virus: one for VZV and nine for HSV-1. Of the 25 patients in the control group, 21 tested positive for HSV-1 by qPCR analysis. Conclusions: Herpes may be present in patients with bacterial corneal ulcers, and qPCR may be useful in its detection.

RESUMO Objetivo: Ceratites bacterianas ocorrem mundialmente e apesar dos novos desenvolvimentos permanece como uma condição que pode levar à cegueira. Avaliar a presença de herpes simples (-1 e -2) e vírus varicella zoster (VZV) por reação em cadeia quantitativa de polimerase em tempo real (qPCR) em raspados corneanos de pacientes com ceratite bacteriana. Métodos: Sessenta e cinco pacientes com ceratite infecciosa foram submetidos a raspados corneanos estudados para gram, Giemsa, cultura e qPCR (grupo de estudo). Foram avaliados fatores de risco e epidemiológicos. O grupo controle foi composto por 25 casos de úlcera dendrítica típica por herpes analisados por qPCR. Resultados: Do grupo de estudo (n=65), nove pacientes (13,8%) apresentaram cultura, qPCR e raspado negativos. Cinquenta e seis (86,2%) pacientes apresentaram cultura positiva, 51 para bacteria, 4 para fungo e 1 para ameba. A qPCR identificou 10 pacientes do grupo de cultura positiva para bactéria que também foram positivos para vírus, um VZV e 9 para HSV-1. Dos 25 pacientes que compunham o grupo controle, 21 apresentaram qPCR positivo para HSV-1. Conclusão: Herpes pode estar presente em pacientes com úlceras de córnea bacterianas e a qPCR pode ser útil na sua detecção.

Celulitis orbitaria complicada por absceso subperióstico debido a infección por Streptococcus pyogenes / Orbital cellulitis complicated by subperiosteal abscess due to Streptococcus pyogenes infection

Resumen: Introducción: La celulitis orbitaria es una enfermedad infecciosa muy frecuente en la edad pediátrica que puede provocar el desarrollo de severas complicaciones. Los principales microorganismos involucrados son Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae y Moraxella catarrhalis, que juntos corresponden al 95% de los casos. También se pueden presentar Streptococcus beta hemolíticos y microorganismos anaerobios, que corresponden a menos del 5% de los casos. Se presenta un caso poco frecuente de celulitis orbitaria complicada por absceso subperióstico ocasionado por Streptococcus pyogenes (estreptococo beta hemolítico del grupo A). Caso clínico: Paciente masculino de 9 años de edad con antecedente de trastorno por déficit de atención e hiperactividad desde los 5 años de edad. Inició su padecimiento actual por presentar eritema en canto externo del ojo derecho; posteriormente, aumento de volumen periorbicular con limitación de apertura palpebral, progresión a proptosis, dolor a los movimientos oculares y secreción conjuntival purulenta. Los estudios de imagen subperióstico reportaron absceso y preseptal derecho con celulitis extraocular. Se inició manejo empírico con antibióticos, drenaje quirúrgico y cultivo del material purulento. De este, se aisló Streptococcus pyogenes. Conclusiones: Debido a la implementación de los esquemas de vacunación desde la década de los 90 contra H. influenza y S. pneumoniae, los casos por estos patógenos han disminuido, provocando que nuevas bacterias tomen su lugar como causantes de la infección. La importancia de considerar a S. pyogenes como etiología de celulitis orbitaria radica en la rápida progresión para la formación de abscesos, así como los pocos casos descritos en la literatura.

Abstract: Background: Orbital cellulitis is an infectious disease that is very common in pediatric patients, in which severe complications may develop. Etiological agents related to this disease are Haemophilus influenzae B, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Moraxella catarrhalis, which correspond to 95% of cases. Moreover, Streptococcus beta hemolytic and anaerobic microorganisms may also be present corresponding to < 5% of the cases. We present an uncommon case of cellulitis complicated by sub-periosteal abscess caused by Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A beta hemolytic streptococcus). Case report: A 9-year-old male patient with a history of deficit disorder and hyperactivity since 5 years of age. His current condition started with erythema in the external edge of the right eye, increase in peri-orbicular volume with limitation of eyelid opening, progression to proptosis, pain with eye movements and conjunctival purulent discharge. Image studies reported subperiosteal abscess and preseptal right with extraocular cellulitis. The patient started with empirical antibiotic treatment, surgical drainage and culture of purulent material from which Streptococcus pyogenes was isolated. Conclusions: Due to the implementation of vaccination schemes against H. influenza and S. pneumoniae since the 90s, the cases by these pathogens have decreased, causing new bacteria to take place as the cause of the infection. The importance of considering S. pyogenes as an etiology of orbital cellulitis is the rapid progression to abscess formation, and the few cases described in the literature.

Microbiological and epidemiological study of infectious keratitis in children and adolescents / Estudo microbiológico e epidemiológico da ceratite infecciosa em crianças e adolescentes

ABSTRACT Purpose: To analyze epidemiological and microbiological aspects of microbial keratitis in children and adolescents. Methods: This retrospective cohort study was conducted at the Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, between July 15, 1975, and December 31, 2010. We analyzed corneal samples from 859 patients with clinical suspicion of infectious keratitis, comparing epidemiological and microbiological characteristics of bacterial keratitis with those of non-bacterial and non-viral keratitis. We also compared Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens in patients with bacterial keratitis. We created a susceptibility profile of the bacterial microorganisms studied. Results: Of the 859 patients, 346 (40.3%) showed positive culture results for non-viral microorganisms. Teenagers (13-18 years) made up the group with the highest number of patients with keratitis (164, 47.4%). The most frequent risk factors for keratitis were trauma (33.5%) and previous ocular surgery (24.9%). Gram-positive bacteria (71.8%) were the most often isolated, with coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (23.8%) the most prevalent microorganism. Logistic regression analysis showed age (p=0.002), topical antimicrobial drug use (p=0.01), and trauma due to non-chemical burns (p=0.005) were risk factors for non-bacterial keratitis. Age (p=0.01) was also a risk factor for Gram-negative bacterial keratitis. Conclusion: Our study showed that in the age range studied, the prevalence of keratitis caused by Gram-negative bacteria or by the non-viral microorganisms evaluated increases with age. Previous use of topical antimicrobial drug and trauma due to non-chemical burns are associated with non-bacterial keratitis. Knowledge of the risk factors and the microorganisms involved may help improve treatment of keratitis in children and adolescents and minimize visual impairment.

RESUMO Objetivos: Descrever o perfil epidemiológico e microbiológico de ceratite microbiana em crianças e adolescentes. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo tipo coorte, utilizando fichas laboratoriais de pacientes, atendidos no Departamento de Oftalmologia e Ciências Visuais - Escola Paulista de Medicina - Universidade Federal de São Paulo, entre 15 de julho de 1975 a 31 de dezembro de 2010. Foram comparados pacientes com ceratite bacteriana e não bacteriana (não viral). Entre os pacientes com ceratite bacteriana, foram comparados aqueles em que a ceratite foi causada por bactérias Gram positivas e Gram negativas. O perfil de sensibilidade dos microrganismos bacterianos aos antimicrobianos também foi estudado. Resultados: Foram analisadas amostras corneanas de 859 pacientes com suspeita clínica de ceratite infecciosa, na faixa etária estudada. Destes, 346 (40,3%) apresentaram resultados de culturas positivas para microrganismos não virais. Adolescentes (13 a 18 anos) compuseram o grupo com maior número de pacientes com ceratite (164-47,4%). Os principais fatores de risco foram trauma (33,5%) e cirurgias oculares prévias (24,9%). Bactérias Gram positivas foram isoladas com maior frequência (71,8%), sendo prevalente o patógeno Staphylococcus coagulase negativo (23,8%). De acordo com a análise de regressão logística, idade (p=0,002), uso tópico de drogas antimicrobianas (p=0,01) e trauma por queimadura não química (p=0,005) foram fatores predisponentes para ceratite não bacteriana. Idade (p=0,01) também foi fator de risco para ceratite causada por bactérias Gram negativas. Conclusões: Nosso estudo mostrou que quanto maior a idade, na faixa etária estudada, maior a probabilidade da ceratite ser causada por bactérias Gram negativas e/ou por outros microrganismos não virais avaliados. O uso tópico de drogas antimicrobianas prévias e trauma devido à queimadura não química predispõe à ceratite não bacteriana. O conhecimento dos fatores de risco e dos microrganismos envolvidos resultarão em tratamento específico da ceratite em crianças e adolescentes, com menores danos visuais.

Caracterización clinicoepidemiológica y microbiológica en úlceras corneales bacterianas y micóticas / Clinical, epidemiological and microbiological characterization of bacterial and mycotic ulcers

Objetivo: describir la asociación entre aspectos clinicoepidemiológicos y los resultados microbiológicos en pacientes con queratitis infecciosa ingresados en el Servicio de Córnea del Instituto Cubano de Oftalmología Ramón Pando Ferrer en el período 2010-2014. Métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo, de corte transversal, de 39 ojos. Se estudiaron las variables edad, sexo, tiempo de evolución, tratamiento previo con antibióticos, factores predisponentes y concordancia del tratamiento empírico. Se utilizaron medidas de resumen para variables cualitativas y cuantitativas, prueba no paramétrica de probabilidad exacta de Fisher, prueba de Chi cuadrado de Pearson y Prueba U de Mann Whitney. Resultados: en los aislamientos de bacterias, el 42,3 por ciento de los pacientes eran menores de 30 años; 53,8 por ciento pertenecían al sexo femenino y el tiempo de evolución promedio fue de 7 días. Los factores predisponentes fueron: enfermedad ocular previa (23,1 %), uso de lentes de contacto (30,8 por ciento) y enfermedades sistémicas (11,5 por ciento). Los mayores de 69 años (46,5 por ciento), el sexo masculino (92,3 por ciento); el tiempo de evolución promedio de 14,5 días y el antecedente de traumatismo ocular no quirúrgico (15,4 por ciento) se observaron en aislamientos micóticos. La perforación corneal se produjo en el 7,7 por ciento de los crecimientos bacterianos; en crecimientos micóticos el 15,4 por ciento desarrolló descemetocele y el 23,1 por ciento perforación corneal. Se realizó queratoplastia penetrante en el 30,8 por ciento(AU) Conclusiones: los aislamientos bacterianos son más frecuentes en pacientes jóvenes, del sexo femenino y con antecedentes de enfermedad ocular previa y uso de lentes de contacto, mientras que la etiología micótica se produce en pacientes del sexo masculino, mayores de 60 años y con antecedentes de trauma corneal no quirúrgico

Objective: to describe the association of clinical and epidemiological aspects with the microbiological results of patients with infectious keratitis, who were admitted to the corneal service of "Ramon Pando Ferrer" Cuban Institute of Ophthalmology in the period of 2010 to 2014. Methods: cross-sectional, descriptive and observational study of 39 eyes. The analyzed variables were age, sex, time of progression, previous antibiotic treatment, predisposing factors and agreement of the empirical treatment. Summary measures for qualitative and quantitative variables; non-parametric Fisher´s exact probability test, Pearson´s Chi square test, and Mann Whitney's U test. Results: in the bacterial isolates, 42.3 percent of patients were younger than 30 years; 53.8 percent were females and average time of progression of disease was 7 days. The predisposing factors were previous eye disease (23.1 percent), use of contact lenses (30.8 percent) and systemic diseases (11.5 percent). Regarding mycotic isolates, patients aged over 69 years (46.5 percent), males (92.3 percent), average time of progression of 14.5 percent and history of non surgical ocular trauma (15.4 percent) predominated. The corneal perforation occurred in 7.7 percent of bacterial infection whereas 15.4 percent developed descemetocele and 23.1 percent corneal perforation in the mycotic infection group. Penetrating keratoplasty was performed in 30.8 percent of patients. Conclusions: bacterial isolates were more frequent in young female patients with a history of previous ocular diseases and contact lenses whereas mycotic etiology was more commonly observed in males over 60 years and history of non surgical corneal trauma(AU)

Úlceras corneales bacterianas: actualización terapéutica / Bacterial corneal ulcers: update on treatment

Las úlceras corneales constituyen un problema de salud visual frecuente en las consultas de Oftalmología. En ocasiones, su causa puede ser imprecisa, y las consecuencias de un error en el diagnóstico o en el tratamiento pueden ser graves. Esta entidad reviste gran importancia por su repercusión en la visión y las secuelas que suelen acompañar la recuperación del paciente, por lo que realizamos una búsqueda actualizada de los últimos diez años de diversos artículos publicados para profundizar en el diagnóstico clínico-etiológico y en el tratamiento(AU)

Corneal ulcers represent a frequent visual health problem in ophthalmology. The cause may be inaccurate sometimes and the consequences of an error in diagnosis or treatment can be severe. This feature is of great importance because of its impact on the vision and the sequelae that may accompany the patient's recovery; therefore, we made a literature review of several articles for the last ten years to delve into the clinical and etiological diagnosis and into treatment(AU)

Ocular syphilis in spouses: diagnosis, treatment and medical confidentiality / Sífilis ocular em cônjuges: diagnóstico, tratamento e sigilo médico

The aim of this paper is to report two cases of neurosyphilis and uveitis diagnosed by an ophthalmologist in an immunocompetent couple. In addition to reporting cases the authors discuss ethical issues of communication of diagnosis to partners of patients (AU)

O objetivo do presente artigo é relatar dois casos de neurosífilis e uveíte diagnosticados por oftalmologista em casal imunocompetente. Além de relatar os casos, os autores discutem questões éticas da comunicação do diagnóstico aos parceiros dos pacientes (AU)

Bilateral Macula-involving Metastatic Infection Resulting from Septic Embolization

No abstract available.

Factors Affecting Treatment Outcome of Graft Infection Following Penetrating Keratoplasty

PURPOSE: To evaluate the factors affecting treatment outcome of graft infection following penetrating keratoplasty (PKP). METHODS: In this retrospective study, 28 patients who underwent PKP between January 2005 and January 2013 and who were diagnosed with graft infection were classified into a treatment success group or a treatment failure group. Demographic and clinical characteristics, as well as the results of the microbiologic investigation, were analyzed and compared. A subsequent binary logistic regression analysis was performed to identify the prognostic factors affecting treatment outcome. RESULTS: Graft infection occurred at a mean of 38.29 +/- 36.16 months (range, 1 to 96 months) after PKP. Seventeen patients developed bacterial keratitis, and 11 patients developed fungal keratitis. Overall, of the 28 patients, nine (32.1%) were classified in the treatment failure group. Multivariate analysis identified pre-existing graft failure (p = 0.019), interval longer than 72 hours between donor death and PKP (p = 0.010), and fungal infection (p = 0.026) as significant risk factors for treatment failure. CONCLUSIONS: Pre-existing graft failure, extended interval between donor death and PKP, and fungal infection were important risk factors for treatment failure of graft infection following PKP.

Risk Factors for Fluoroquinolone Resistance in Ocular Cultures

PURPOSE: To identify the risk factors associated with fluoroquinolone resistance in patients undergoing cataract surgery. METHODS: A total of 1,125 patients (1,125 eyes) who underwent cataract surgery at Veterans Health Service Medical Center from May 2011 to July 2012 were enrolled in this study. Conjunctival cultures were obtained from the patients on the day of surgery before instillation of any ophthalmic solutions. The medical records of patients with positive coagulase negative staphylococcus (CNS) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) cultures were reviewed to determine factors associated with fluoroquinolone resistance. RESULTS: Of 734 CNS and S. aureus cultures, 175 (23.8%) were resistant to ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, gatifloxacin, or moxifloxacin. Use of fluoroquinolone within 3 months and within 1 year before surgery, topical antibiotic use other than fluoroquinolone, systemic antibiotic use, recent hospitalization, ocular surgery, intravitreal injection and use of eyedrops containing benzalkonium chloride were significantly more frequent in resistant isolates than in susceptible isolates. In multivariable logistic regression analysis, ocular surgery (odds ratio [OR], 8.457), recent hospitalization (OR, 6.646) and use of fluoroquinolone within 3 months before surgery (OR, 4.918) were significant predictors of fluoroquinolone resistance, along with intravitreal injection (OR, 2.976), systemic antibiotic use (OR, 2.665), use of eyedrops containing benzalkonium chloride (OR, 2.323), use of fluoroquinolone within 1 year before surgery (OR, 1.943) and topical antibiotic use other than fluoroquinolone (OR, 1.673). CONCLUSIONS: Recent topical fluoroquinolone use, hospitalization and ocular surgery were significantly associated with fluoroquinolone resistance in CNS and S. aureus isolates from ocular culture.

Successful Treatment of Infectious Scleritis by Pseudomonas aeruginosa with Autologous Perichondrium Graft of Conchal Cartilage

Infectious scleritis by Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a well-known vision-threatening disease. In particular, scleral trauma following pterygium surgery may increase the risk of sclera inflammation. Surgical debridement and repair is necessary in patients who do not respond to medical treatments, such as topical and intravenous antibiotics. We reports herein the effectiveness of an autologous perichondrium conchal cartilage graft for infectious scleritis caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This procedure was performed on four eyes of four patients with infectious scleritis who had previously undergone pterygium surgery at Gyeongsang National University Hospital (GNUH), Jinju, Korea from December 2011 to May 2012. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was identified in cultures of necrotic scleral lesion before surgery. The conchal cartilage perichondrium graft was transplanted, and a conjunctival flap was created on the scleral lesion. The autologous perichondrium conchal cartilage graft was successful and visual outcome was stable in all patients, with no reports of graft failure or infection recurrence. In conclusion, autologous perichondrium conchal cartilage graft may be effective in surgical management of Pseudomonal infectious scleritis when non-surgical medical treatment is ineffective. Further studies in larger, diverse populations are warranted to establish the effectiveness of the procedure.

Yellowish dots in the retina: a finding of ocular syphilis? / Pontos amarelados na retina: um achado da sífilis ocular?

Here we report the occurrence of pale yellowish perivascular preretinal dots in 12 patients with ocular syphilis. A case series of these patients was examined between March and October 2012 at the Uveitis Sector of Universidade Federal de São Paulo. After diagnostic confirmation of syphilis, fundus photographs and optical coherence tomography (OCT) were performed to verify the localization of the dots, and patients were treated with IV crystalline penicillin for 14 days. The study comprised 11 men (91.6%), 19 eyes, median presentation age of 38.1 years, and panuveitis as the main clinical manifestation (seven patients, 58.3%), being bilateral in four. Ten patients were taking oral prednisone (83.3%). Serum panels performed by the Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) showed positive results in eight patients (66.7%), whereas VDRL cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) tests were negative in seven of nine collected (77.8%). However, serum FTA-Abs was positive in 100% of patients, and eight patients (66.7%) had HIV infection. The best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) presented after treatment improved in 10 eyes (55.6%), did not change in seven eyes (38.9%), and worsened in one eye (5.6%). Although not yet acknowledged in the literature as a typical manifestation of ocular syphilis, these are very common findings in clinical practice. We believe that preretinal dots are due to perivasculitis secondary to treponema infection. It is important recognize them and remember that syphilis can present in several forms, including the one presented in this study.

Relatar a ocorrência de pontos amarelo-esbranquiçados perivasculares pré-retinianos em 12 pacientes com sífilis ocular. Série de casos de 12 pacientes examinados entre março e outubro de 2012 no setor de uveítes da UNIFESP. Após confirmação diagnóstica de sífilis ocular, retinografias e OCT (optical coherence tomography) foram realizados para verificar a localização dos pontos e os pacientes foram tratados com penicilina cristalina IV por 14 dias. Dados demográficos incluíram 11 homens (91,6%), 19 olhos, mediana de idade de 38,1 anos, e a manifestação clínica principal foi panuveíte (7 pacientes, 58,3%), sendo bilateral em 4. Dez fizeram uso de prednisona oral (83,3%). VDRL (Venereal Disease Research Laboratory) sanguíneo foi positivo em 8 pacientes (66.7%), VDRL no líquor foi negativo em 7 de 9 coletados (77,8%), FTA-Abs sanguíneo foi positivo em 100% e 8 pacientes (66,7%) eram HIV positivos, AV após tratamento melhorou em 10 olhos (55,6%), não se alterou em 7 (38,9%) e piorou em 1 olho (5,6%). Embora ainda não reconhecida na literatura como uma manifestação típica da sífilis ocular, este achado é muito comum na prática clínica. Acreditamos que esses pontos são devidos a perivasculite secundária à infecção pelo treponema. É importante os reconhecer e lembrar que a sífilis pode se apresentar de várias formas, incluindo essa apresentada aqui.